Zu den Krypten der Gaumenmandel (Tonsilla palatina) hin ausgerichtet erkennt man Follikel, die vor allem aus B-Lymphozyten bestehen und in der Regel Sekundärfollikel sind, also Keimzentren enthalten. In den Keimzentren befinden sich Makrophagen, die die vielen apoptotischen Zellen phagozytieren. Wegen ihres charakteristischen Erscheinungbildes im Keimzentrum nennt man sie auch Sternhimmelmakrophagen. Zwischen den Follikeln befindet sich die Interfollikularregion, in der sich T-Lymphozyten und hochendotheliale Venulen (HEV) befinden. Hier ist die Eintrittspforte für Lymphozyten, die aus der Blutbahn in die Tonsillen einwandern.

Legende:

	Crypts
	Germinal centre of a secondary lymphoid follicle
	Macrophages
	Corona of a secondary lymphoid follicle
	Interfollicular area

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

H&E is the most common survey stain, which shows cell nuclei and cytoplasmatic components.

Structures	Colour
Nuclei	blue
Cytoplasm	pale red
Connective-tissue fibres - Collagen - Reticular - Elastic	red - pale rose to red
Muscle tissue	red
Erythrocytes	red-orange

Dyes:

Hematoxylin

(e.g. hemalaun, Weigerts or Heidenhains iron-hematoxylin)
Hematoxylin is a positively charged dye (at low pH values). It therefore colors negatively charged (basophilic) structures blue, like the DNA of nuclear chromatin, the RNA of rough endoplasmatic reticulum, and the acidic glycosaminoglycans of hyaline cartilage.
Hematoxylin used in the preparation of iron varnish is Weigerts or Heidenhains iron-hematoxylin and in the preparation of aluminum varnish is hemalaun.

Eosin

Eosin is a negatively charged dye used for counterstaining. It stains all remaining structures different shades of red (acidophilic).

Thiazinrot

Thiazinrot behaves similar as eosin.

In der Gaumenmandel (Tonsilla palatina) werden Antikörper in einem typischen Verhältnis produziert (IgG:IgA:IgM:IgD = 64:30:4:2). Demnach dominiert IgG wie im Lymphknoten, an zweiter Stelle folgt aber IgA, und nicht IgM. Im Darmtrakt dagegen ist IgA das weit vorherrschende Immunglobulin. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß die Tonsillen funktionell eine Mittelstellung zwischen dem Darmimmunsystem und den peripheren Lymphknoten einnehmen. Efferente Lymphgefäße verbinden die Tonsillen mit den Halslymphknoten.

HistoNet2000 - Help

1. Organization of the screen surface

Right side: histologic specimen
Left side: information about the specimen (above) and general program functions (below)

2.Histologic specimen

Pull the mouse across the histologic specimen for training purposes. A small square with exclamation marks (dynamic labels) will appear where there is an important structure. You should then decide what structure this could be. To check your result, simply click the appropriate square, and the correct label will appear. The option “marked” allows you to see all labels for all structures simultaneously. These can be removed by clicking “unmarked”. This reactivates the dynamic labels.

3. Complementary information

Info: general information about the specimen, as well as a list of the dynamic labels
Drawing: schematic drawing of the specimen
Staining: information about the staining method for this specimen
Knowledge: short texts with basic histologic information, presently deactivated

4. General Program Functions

Home: returns you to the “start” page
Tutor: how to contact the HistoNet Team
Help: Instructions for Use appear
Exit: closes down the HistoNet program
Boxes: goes back to the other specimen of a topic
VM: provides virtual microscopy

We hope you will enjoy working with HistoNet2000 and learn a lot from it!

Specimen Nr. 01C

Specimen:

Staining:

Magnification:

Important structures :

Legende:

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

Dyes:

HistoNet2000 - Help